The cultural landscape of the rice terraces managed by "Subak", Bali's unique irrigation system. It was designated as a World Cultural Heritage site in 2012.

What is Subak (Balinese: subak)?
Subak, the traditional irrigation associations found in Bali, currently comprise about 1,200 organizations. Subak was first established around the 8th or 9th century by the high priest Rsi Markandya, and its name is derived from seuwak, meaning "distribution of flowing water."

Subak and Balinese Hinduism
The origins of Subak are influenced by Hinduism during a period when water resources were unstable in India. In Hinduism, the worship of the Earth Mother Goddess, who considers water the origin of all things, was prevalent. This belief merged with Bali's indigenous animistic pantheism, resulting in the deification of water within the system of Balinese Hinduism. Consequently, Subak's ceremonies and operation are closely linked to water-centered religious rituals.

Subak Operations
Each Subak is formed independently, and its structure resembles a single village. Membership in a Subak is determined by the ownership of irrigated farmland. The head of the Subak is elected at regular meetings, and agreements are established. Subak undertakes various activities, such as collecting land taxes, mandating participation in communal work, guaranteeing water intake rights, and mediating disputes.